Simple Low Cost Open Source UHF RFID Reader

From Nicolas Barbot website
Revision as of 15:08, 9 August 2024 by Nico (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This page presents a simple low-cost SDR RFID UHF reader capable of reading a tag in real time. This work is a direct continuation of the initial design proposed in[1]. This reader is designed around a simple asynchronous OOK modulator in transmission and an envelope detector in reception. All tasks specific to the RFID protocol including clock recovery, data recovery and frame detection are handled in software by a Arduino Uno micro-controller. This reader is able to generate any RFID command supported by the protocol and to decode any message backscattered by the tag in real time. The details of hardware and software associated with this reader are released in open source for the community.

Information presented in this page has been directly extracted from [2]. Source code of this project is included in a Github repository. This page also included some additional information added by other researchers.

Getting Started

Before we begin, let's ensure you have:

  • A personal computer with a USB port
  • An Arduino Uno board
  • An RFID Reader Shield (version 1a or 1b)
  • A 915 MHz antenna (SMA connector)
  • A cable USB-A to USB-B

Instructions

  • Connect the RFID Reader Shield to the Arduino Uno
  • Connect the antenna to the RFID Reader Shield
  • Connect the Arduino to the computer using the cable
  • "ON" led should switch on
  • On the computer, open Arduino IDE
  • Copy paste the code of the firmware in the IDE (you can download the latest version on GitHub)
  • Build the firmware, output message should look like:
  • Flash the firmware on the Arduino
  • Open a serial monitor to check the state of the reader, you should see something like:

From now, your RFID reader is sending some "Query" commands and trying to detect a tag reply.

  • Put a UHF tag close to the reader antenna
  • Check the serial monitor, you should see something like:

If you see this output, congratulation, you just read your first tag!

Troubleshooting

The best way to debug (or understand) the behavior of the reader is to probe the digital pin 8 or the Arduino. All figures presented in the journal paper have been obtained by this method.

If you are interested by this project, the more valuable option is to build the reader yourself. All design files are available (PCB, BOM, firmware).

Official Versions

Version 0a This version was based on a bistatic setup (2 antennas are required). The Melexis evaluation board was used for transmitting the RFID signal. The receiver was designed using a custom PCB.

Version 0b This version was based on a monostatic setup (single antenna). The Melexis evaluation board was used for transmitting the RFID signal. The receiver was designed using a custom PCB. Tx and Rx paths were connected using a circulator (from Voyantic).

Version 0c This version was based on a monostatic setup (single antenna). The Melexis evaluation board was used for transmitting the RFID signal. The receiver was a custom PCB. Tx and Rx paths were connected using a power divider.

Version 1 RF signal generation is based on the Melexis chip (obselete). This version was based on a monostatic setup (single antenna). Tx and Rx paths were connected using a circulator. Only one board have been designed and built at LCIS. A picture of the prototype can be seen in the journal article.

Version 1a RF signal generation is based on the Melexis chip (obselete). Tx and Rx paths were connected using a power divider (which is much cheaper than a circulator). Four boards have been designed and built at University of Washington during a visit in May 2024. These boards will be used for RFID-TA 2025 conference.

Version 1b RF signal generation is based on the Atmel ATA8403 chip. This chip offers a lower Tx power (compared to the Melexis one). Tx and Rx paths were connected using a power divider.

Unofficial Versions

Reader at 2.4 GHz This modification allows one to operate the RFID reader at 2.4 GHz[3]. Since tags at this frequency can not easily be found, the modification of a 915 MHz is also proposed.

Awards

The journal article article received the CRFID James Clerk Maxwell Best Journal Paper Award 2024 during the IEEE RFID conference in Boston.

References

  1. ↑ P. V. Nikitin, S. Ramamurthy, and R. Martinez, “Simple Low Sost UHF RFID Reader,” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID), Orlando, FL, USA, Apr. 2013, pp. 1–2.
  2. ↑ N. Barbot, R. De Amorim Junior and P. Nikitin, “Simple Low Cost Open Source UHF RFID Reader,” in Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, vol. 7, pp. 20-26, 2023
  3. ↑ N. Barbot, "Hands-on 2.4 GHz RFID," 2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA), Aveiro, Portugal, 2023, pp. 245-247
Retrieved from "https://nicolas-barbot.ovh/wiki/index.php?title=Simple_Low_Cost_Open_Source_UHF_RFID_Reader&oldid=534"